Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Essay The play Macbeth was written in the start of the 1600s by William Shakespeare, if you ever get a chance to read this play in both script and graphic novel you will discover that there are many signs of imagery and symbolism. Some of the many examples have been shown in nature with trees and birds acting as something’s are going on in the back, some in the way that the people, kings, and nobles dress in the play and also some in the way that blood is used throughout the play. As Lady Macbeth and Macbeth make plans to kill King Duncan so that Macbeth can become king as what the witches’ prophecy states, they know Banquo was there talking to the witches with Macbeth. The first example shows how the weather and nature acts when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth do a dirty deed. So when the king was murdered the animals in the Kings castle went ‘haywire’ as Ross says, â€Å"and Duncan’s horses, a thing most strange / Beauteous and swift, the minors of their race, / turn’d wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out, / Contending ’gainst obedience as they would.† (Ross, 2.4.14) This would show that a person has done something that they should not and obstructed the circle of life; in this case, â€Å"†¦Macbeth does murder sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Macbeth, 2.2.395); in other words Macbeth killed Duncan to take his position. There is also many other parts where nature acts as events happen for example when Malcolm and his army from England proceed marching to Dunsinane to confront Macbeth. Because at this point the weather appears to be dark and scary like someone is going to die. The second example is clothing; this distinguishes them from good and evil. For example light clothes are worn when the character wearing them is in a good and positive role and dark clothes are worn when the character wearing them is in a bad and evil role. Relating to Macbeth, this shows him as well as Lady Macbeth changing from noble and loyal to the king to trying to take him over. At the start Macbeth shows to be wearing purple and other loyal colors in the graphic novel but towards the end he had turned to a tyrant and started wearing red symbolizing blood and dark clothes. But also clothing is used to represent people and used to tell how good or bad a person is for example when Macbeth hears that he has been given the position of the Thane of Cawdor, he asks Angus why he is being dressed in borrowed robes (1.3.7) because he knows that the Thane of Cawdor still lives. Blood shows to play a huge part in Macbeth: Macbeth is a warrior at start and towards the end but then towards the middle he shows his ambition and turned to kill anyone in his way, in this case King Duncan and Banquo and Macduff’s Family. Make thick my blood,/ Stop up/ th access and passage of nature/ Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between/ Th effect and it! (Lady Macbeth, 1.5), this shows that lady Macbeth is talking to and telling spirits to make her blood thick and make her stronger so that they can commit a crime. Also that blood can symbolize who they are and what they do. Macbeth also says it will have blood, they / say: blood will have blood. / Stones have been known to move and trees to speak (Macbeth, 3.6). Blood plays a big part in Macbeth because Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have been playing with the scale of life and disrupting it with blood and murder. Showing blood, nature and clothing in the play can make symbolism and imagery in the play better. Blood is used in most of Shakespeare plays. The nature used in these plays is called pathetic fallacy and this is another factor embedded in most Shakespeare plays. In Macbeth he is a warrior but a tyrant trying to take over the king. Clothing can play a role to describe what kind or how a person is. At conclusion Macbeth shows symbolism and imagery to describe many aspects of the play and it does help the reader or the audience get a better perspective and in-depth view of the characters and how they behave.

Free Essays - Use of Excessiveness in Twelfth Night :: Twelfth Night essays

Use of Excessiveness in Twelfth Night There are many methods to catching an audience's attention. Shakespeare for example, uses the method of excessiveness in his characters. Proof of this is shown in various forms throughout the novel, beginning with Orsino's obsessed love of Olivia. Then followed by Olivia's mourning for her long lost brother, and then her sudden change in interest. As well as thirdly, Viola's attitude of excess towards Orsino, we can see the method used for yet another time. The first Act jumps quickly into this form of excessiveness, drawing the reader into the novel, and gives personality to the characters. The thought of somebody being in love with another, whom they have never met, and never spoken to, is pure insanity. This man is clearly infatuated with this woman to " an excess." He is a perfect example of excess, since he is the first to mention it, and shows it rather clearly in his actions towards Olivia. He sends her messengers, thinks about her all the time, and every move he makes, is somehow related to her, although she has no idea who he is. Olivia herself, is another prime example of excess. Olivia shows it in two main ways starting with the mourning of her brother and father's death. Mourning, on a whole is a good normal thing, but in excess, (in this case, 7 years), is too much. She needs to move on with her life, and go on and do things, but she doesn't realize this until the spotting of Viola/Cesario, which brings me to her second way. Olivia becomes excessive over her/him, sending her messenger out to fetch him, just so she can see her/him again. Our third of many examples of excess in this act, is Viola's love for Orsino. Instead of leaving the country she was brought to and go back home like any other person, she disguises as an eunuch, so she can work for him. She would do anything to make him happy, even help him get Olivia's love, just for him to notice her. I think that, qualifies for excessiveness in this play. As you can tell, Shakespeare used many examples of excess in his writing, from the very start of the first scene.

Our National Duties

Once Martin Luther King said, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly†. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan says that, â€Å"In this new era, people’s actions constantly-if often unwittingly-affect the lives of others living far away. Globalization offers great opportunities, but at present its benefits are very unevenly distributed while its costs are born by all. He emphasizes six shared values, which are of particular relevance to the new century: freedom, equity and solidarity, tolerance, non-violence, respect for nature and shared responsibility. The modern world is becoming smaller, highly integrated and technologically more advanced. It is also becoming highly fragmented, less peaceful and unsafe for both present and future generations. Spectacular advances in science and technology over the last five decades have revolutionized the entire world. Investments in research and development have resulted in innovations and inventions in both product and factor markets. The benefits of these advancements however, have yet to reach the poor living in many countries across the world. Poverty is on the increase and we are sitting on millions of human landmines. The world today is passing through an environment full of tensions, violence, declining values, injustice, reduced tolerance and respect for human rights. The gun culture has already taken a dominant position in most of the developing countries, threatening the future of the youth who deserve a peaceful and better quality of life. There is a greater need to create a culture of Youth Leadership in society through an active participation of youth in civic activities. Adult leaders, parliamentarians and policymakers at community, municipality, state, national and international levels should agree that they are responsible for ensuring that the 21st century is characterized as a century of Youth Leadership. The world today is indeed in search of a new culture and a common system of values and new behavioral patterns for individuals, groups and nations, because, without them, the major problems of international and internal peace cannot be solved. The replacement of the existing culture of violence by a culture of peace can only be achieved in a longer perspective. In a period of transition and accelerated change marked by the expression of intolerance, manifestation of racial and ethnic hatred, violence towards those regarded as â€Å"others† and the growing disparities between the rich and the poor. Action strategies must aim at ensuring fundamental freedom, peace, human rights, and democracy and at promoting sustainable and equitable economic and social development all of which have an essential part to play in building a culture of peace. What do we expect from the youth with the creation of the culture of peace? The youth with their new ideas, new energy and neutral background, can contribute to peace development. They are ready to participate in community work. Youth should be treated as partners-partnership by youth in all social activities, of governance, community activities-should start in an active manner with the entry of the child into the golden age phase of 15 to 25 years. Youth should realize that they should not wait for the inheritance of the world; they must realize they have already inherited the world while entering into the golden age. Development of youth as productive citizens and peace workers could be a starting point for developing the peace culture. In the world today, one person in five is between the ages of 15 to 25, which is an accepted UN definition of the age that defines youth. There are altogether more than one billion youth, constituting a formidable force. About 85 percent live in developing countries with 60 percent in Asia, or about 800 million youth in the Asian region. Moreover, two thirds of these youth are growing in countries, which have extremely low per capita incomes (PCIs), below the PCI of $700 per annum. The needs and aspirations of young people are still mostly unmet. The youth employment and livelihood problem is particularly acute and growing in the developing countries while the bulk of corporate resources are controlled by developed countries. Moreover, action on youth employment and livelihood remain poorly defined. Poverty breeds an environment, which encourages social deviations like drug-addiction, excessive smoking, alcoholism, and tendencies towards suicide. Most problems among youth in developing countries are nurtured by their perception of an uncertain and unstable future. However, one thing is clear among all youth: that they want to make something of them, and to sustain the value of family solidarity. Today’s youth are often skeptical about adult leaders and they may express the desire to participate in society through volunteer work but not in politics. Alienated youth, particularly when they form a large proportion of the population, will turn their energy to drugs, crime, violence and even revolution. Unengaged youth represent a wasted economic resource. Youth of today is in search of its identity. They are less inclined towards conflicts and wars unless external forces compel them to do so. International studies clearly indicate that today’s youth are concerned about issues relating to family, education and employment. The youth express their need for a sense of independence, competence and participation in the mainstreams of society. They should be perceived as key agents for social change, including peace development, economic development and technological innovation. The paradox is that even as they represent societies’ greatest hope, they are a group who risk an uncertain and unstable future. How to involve these young men and women in building and designing their future, and the future of coming generations, is the key issue confronting the progress of our societies. The world today stands at a crossroad. However, the path of peace ahead remains clear for the world if we pursue three goals: firstly, a common vision of our future society anchored on peace; secondly, the core of shared values that animate our desires and preferences, grounds for peace which is acceptable to all religions, peoples, nations, families and communities, and hirdly, the power for united venture that brings people-empowered action for the attainment of a peace vision guided by the values we cherish. The peace factor must be used to resolve prime issues such as: (i) the persistent poverty of people, especially those in rural areas, (ii) the social injustice that continues to prevail in our societies and then often divisive and counter-productive ways of governance. The index to development, theref ore, must be human in dimension, content and lifestyle anchored on peace. In the case of the National Peace Development Policy for Youth, we must deviate from tradition and formulate policy with active participation of the youth. In this case, policy definition and strategy have to be applied flexibly by involving and energizing the youth right from the very start. It should not begin with elders and senior policy-makers and leaders, but take grassroots hold with the youth from day one. The youth must be empowered to find their own niche and roles in the totality of national development, and be the major force for peace development. All steps in the exercise should be taken in consultation with the different levels of participating youth from the national down to the state, district, municipal and village levels. Youth constitutes the richest wealth of a country. They develop quality of personal integrity, personal discipline and open mindedness. It is enriched further when they develop an open attitude and universal outlook. As youth is a period of passions, emotions, activity and vigor, they should be trained to combine enthusiasm with patience. Youth should develop an open attitude and universal outlook. This is the real empowerment of youth. Empowering or enabling is like a process similar to teaching and fishing. For preserving peace, youth must play a decisive role. Youth should be exposed to merit of tolerance and nonviolence. Youth should realize the importance of living together and should be responsible to defend the frontiers of peace and non-violence. This warrants the promotion of a new culture and thus a different mindset. Hence, a comprehensive rethinking is required in all walks of life with a total commitment to the issues of youth development. Educational experiences should be provided to youth with an objective to enhance their tolerance level and help them understand the merits of tolerance and respect for â€Å"otherness†. â€Å"Respecting the others† goes much farther than tolerance. Education must promote an aptitude of free inquiry, frank and vigorous discussion and willingness to work in teams. Education should teach the youth not only to tolerate differences but also to respect differences. In spiritual development, the youth can form a new phalanx of peace missionaries building up volunteers and NGO networks at the grassroots, concentrating on values education and spiritual renewal among children, women and the youth to reverse the process of family values in which traditionally, it is the elders who impose on the youth; this time it will be the young helping shape family values through dedicated youth peace missionaries. In the area of ethnic development, the youth of different ethnic groups can forge links between cultural minorities and popularize shared values, shared religious values, and shared cultures and traditions handed down from generation to generation. In political development, youth can be trained to form the cadre of youth animators to expose the rural poor to democratic processes and institutions, to consensus building and voting mechanics, to party and government platforms. In socio-economic development, the youth can join internship/training programs with agricultural, manufacturing, and service industries, sharpen their skills to become the forward-looking manpower needed by their countries to help their economies compete favorably against international competition. In political/government development, the youth can engage in internships in the parliamentary institutions, join in political awareness-building, reform political parties and remove the ugliness of partisan politics, and at the same time force reforms in the bureaucracy to ensure good governance, accountability, transparency, and citizenry participation. E-government strategy can effectively support such programs. In military affairs, the youth can become the country’s elite guards dedicated to patriotism, protection of children, women, oppressed and poor, and through collective vigilance and closeness with the people, provide the moral counterpart to the abuses of ambitious generals and military demagogues. Finally, in regional and international development, the youth can become peace ambassadors of their respective countries, promoting exchange programs in education, culture, science and echnology, sports and games, and in tourism promotions, to link all the youth of the region and the world in the pursuit and maintenance of peace and democracy. Youth Leadership activities cannot be confined to schools. They should be exposed to the real socio-political environment. That is missing today. In addition to peace development, these youth forums should, from time to time, include planning and implementation of environmental programs, family planning, information technology, health and sani tation, etc. Forum participants should focus on the benefits of peace, non-violence to strengthen tolerance through participation in community affairs, anniversaries in which all can participate thereby fostering a culture of peace and tolerance through a system of community education in order to promote respect and mutual understanding. The new millennium offers the world’s people a unique opportunity to reflect on their common destiny, at a moment when they find themselves interconnected as never before. In this New World, groups and individuals interact directly across frontiers more often, without involving the state. This also has its dangers in terms of crime, narcotics, terrorism, weapons, refugees and migrants; all move back and forth faster and in greater numbers than in the past. But new technologies also create opportunities for mutual understanding and common action. If we are to get the best out of globalization and modern technologies as well as avoid the worst, we must learn to govern better with emphasis on good governance and strengthening of civil society, and how to govern better together. People are looking to their leaders to identify and act on the challenges ahead. There is no denying the fact that youth are important asset of any nation, making up 800 million of Asia’s population. They should be the primary concern of political leaders, religious leaders, policy makers, planners, administrators and others interested in development including peace development. The youth are creative and innovative. They are in a better position to introduce new dimensions contributing to the current socio-political and economic dialogue, particularly in the area of peace development. Hence, the national governments should give priority to the UN declarations of National Peace Policies and Action Programs. Nations are underdeveloped for many reasons, but certainly the major reasons are inadequate leadership, and absence of youth participation. We must now look to the youth. The modern electronic media have an essential role to play in the preparation of youth in a spirit of peace, justice, freedom, mutual respect and understanding, in order to promote human rights, equality of rights between all human beings and all nations, and economic and social progress. Equally, they have an important role to play in making known the views and aspirations of the youth with special focus on good governance, transparency, tolerance and democracy. In the ultimate analysis, my dear fellow participants and youth leaders, I am sure that together we can lay the foundations of our shared future, together we can build bridges of love and tryst; and together we can help translate the dreams and visions espoused at hundreds of such conferences before this one. With hope, faith and courage, soon we shall be able to tell our elders that yes when given the chance to deliver, we have done and done it in style. At least, we would leave this world as a much better place to live than we had inherited. Times cry for action and action here and now. Mark Twain said this for you, me and all of us: â€Å"Twenty years from now, you will be more disappointed by the things you did not do than by the thing you did do. So, throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover†¦! †

Financial Crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7212 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Review of the Literature Significance of the Study This is the basic purpose of any study that what significance would it bring? As far as this topic, The Need and Importance of Strong Regulations over Financial Institutions after the Recent Crises is concerned; it is the study of one of the major causes of the recent worst crises. The findings of the research would give the comparison of the both eras, good and bad. Resultantly this would promote the idea of need, importance and implementations of strong regulations on the basis of facts and figures. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Crisis" essay for you Create order This study will be helpful for futures students of finance, government policy makers, banks, FSA and many other related institutions. It is always a good idea to have better understandings of the related topics and terms before looking into the main idea or topic. Dissertation will first of all explain the following questions ? What is the meaning of regulation with respect to financial institutions? ? What are the governing bodies and which authorities control and implement those regulations? ? The detail history of regulations will be given before the current crises. The history will give the idea that strong and sound regulations and their implementations were one of the major elements which prevented crises. This history will not only help for the better understanding of the topic but also support to the idea that there is an intense need of strong regulations over financial institution after this recent crises. From proposal What is the meaning of regulation with respect to financial institutions? Financial regulations are a form of controlling or supervision, which subjects financial institutions to confident requirements, objective to maintain the wholeness of the financial system and restriction and guidelines. It maybe controlled by government or non government organization. If we talk about some aims or objectives of financial regulators then we can say some core objectives of financial regulations are following. Objectives of Financial Regulations Some specific objectives of financial regulators are following: 1. Improvement of Confidence in the financial system 2. Financial regulators play a role in providing a licence of financial services 3. As a legal prosecutor in different cases such as market conduct (corporation stocks and other market securities). 4. And play a role in the implementation of laws Authority by Country The following is a brief listing of the regulatory authorities in different countries. * Albanien Albania Albanisch Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) Albanian Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) * Andorra Andorra Institut Andorrà   Nacional de Finances (INAF) Institute Andorrà   Nacional de Finances (INAF) * Argentinien Argentina Comisià ³n Nacional de Valores (CNV) Comisià ³n Nacional de Valores (CNV) * Australien Australia Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) (APRA) * Australien Australia Australian Securities and Investments Commission Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) (ASIC) * Ãâ€"sterreich Austria Finanzmarktaufsicht (FMA Finanzmarktaufsicht in Deutsch) Financial Market Authority (FMA Financial Market Authority) in German * Belgien Belgium Banking, Finance and Insurance Commission ( Commissie voor het Bank-, Financie-en Assurantiewezen in Banking, Finance and Insurance Commission ( Commissie voor het Bank-,-en Financie Assurantiewezen in Niederlà ¤ndisch Dutch und Commission Bancaire, Financià ¨re et des Assurances in Franzà ¶sisch) (CBFA) and Commission Bancaire, Financià ¨re et des Assurances in French) (CBFA) * Bosnien und Herzegowina Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska Securities Commission Republika Srpska Securities Commission fà ¼r die for Republika Srpska Republika Srpska * Britische Jungferninseln British Virgin Islands Britische Jungferninseln Financial Services Commission British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission * Bulgarien Bulgaria Financial Supervision Commission Financial Supervision Commission (FSC) (FSC) [1] [1] * Kanada Canada Investment Dealers Association of Canada (IDA) Investment Dealers Association of Canada (IDA) * Chile Chile Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros * Kroatien Croatia Kroatische Agentur fà ¼r die Aufsicht de r Financial Services Croatian Agency for Supervision of Financial Services [2] [2] * Zypern Cyprus Central Bank of Cyprus Central Bank of Cyprus [3] [3] * Tschechische Republik Czech Republic Tschechische Nationalbank Czech National Bank [4] [4] * Republic of China Republic of China Financial Supervisory Commission Financial Supervisory Commission * Dà ¤nemark Denmark Financial Supervisory Authority (Finanstilsynet in Dà ¤nisch) Financial Supervisory Authority (Finanstilsynet in Danish) * Estland Estonia Finantsinspektsioon Finantsinspektsioon * Fà ¤rà ¶er-Inseln Faroe Islands Insurance Authority der Fà ¤rà ¶er (Tryggingareftirlitià ° in Fà ¤rà ¶isch, fà ¼r Versicherungen und Pensionsfonds und eine Hypothek Kreditinstitut) Insurance Authority of the Faroe Islands (Tryggingareftirlitià ° in Faroese, for insurance companies and pension funds and a mortgage bank) * Finnland Finland Financial Supervisory Authority (RATA Rahoitustarkastus in Finnisch) Financial Supervisory Authority (RATA Rahoitustarkastus in Finnish) * Frankreich France Autorità © des marchà ©s financiers Autorità © des marchà ©s financiers (AMF) (AMF) * Deutschland Germany Bundesanstalt fà ¼r Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht Federal Financial (BaFin Bundesanstalt fà ¼r Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht) (BaFin Bundesanstalt) for Financial Services * Großherzogtum Luxemburg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) * Griechenland Greece Capital Market Kommission Capital Market Commission [5] [5] * Guatemala Guatemala Superintendencia de Bancos (SB) Superintendencia de Bancos (SB) * Hong Kong Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) * Ungarn Hungary Hungarian Financial Supervisory Authority Hungarian Financial Supervisory Authority [6] [6] * Island Iceland Financial Sup ervisory Authority Island Financial Supervisory Authority Iceland [7] [7] * Indien India Reserve Bank of India Reserve Bank of India * Indien India Securities and Exchange Board of India Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) (SEBI) * Irland Ireland Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland [8] [8] * Irak Iraq Iraq Securities Commission Iraq Securities Commission (ISC) (ISC) * Isle of Man Isle of Man Financial Supervision Commission Financial Supervision Commission (FSC, fà ¼r Bank-, Investitions-und Treuhand-Unternehmen) (FSC, for banking, investment and trust companies) * Isle of Man Isle of Man Insurance and Pensions Authority (IPA fà ¼r Versicherung und Vorsorge Unternehmen) Insurance and Pensions Authority (IPA for benefits and insurance companies) * Israel Israel Israel Securities Authority Israel Securities Authority (ISA) (ISA) * Italien Italy Commission e Nazionale per le Societa e la Borsa Commissione Nazionale per le Societa e la Borsa [9] [9] * Japan Japan Financial Services Agency Financial Services Agency * Japan Japan Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission (SESC) Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission (SESC) * Kasachstan Kazakhstan ? ? Agentur der Republik Kasachstan à ¼ber Regulierung und Aufsicht à ¼ber Finanzmà ¤rkte und Finanzdienstleistungen Organisationen ? ? Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Regulation and Supervision of Financial Market and Financial Organizations * Lettland Latvia Finanz-und Kapitalmarkt-Kommission Financial and Capital Market Commission [10] [10] * Litauen Lithuania Securities Commission der Republik Litauen Securities Commission of the Republic of Lithuania [11] [11] * Luxemburg Luxembourg Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier [12] [12] * Malta Malta Malta Fi nancial Services Authority (MFSA) Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA) * Mexiko Mexico Comisià ³n Nacional de Valores y Bancaria Comisià ³n Nacional Bancaria y de Valores * Niederlande Netherlands niederlà ¤ndische Aufsichtsbehà ¶rde fà ¼r die Finanzmà ¤rkte Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets [13] [13] * Neuseeland New Zealand Securities Commission of New Zealand Securities Commission of New Zealand [14] [14] * Norwegen Norway Kredittilsynet Kredittilsynet [15] [15] * Pakistan Pakistan Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) (SECP) * Peoples Republic of China Peoples Republic of China China Securities Regulatory Commission China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) (CSRC) * Philippinen Philippines Philippines Securities and Exchange Commission Philippines Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (SEC) * Polen Poland Polnisch Financial Supervision Authority (K NF) Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) [16] [16] * Portugal Portugal Securities Market Kommission Securities Market Commission (CMVM) (CMVM) * Irland Ireland Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority * Republik Mazedonien Republic of Macedonia Securities and Exchange Commission der Republik Mazedonien (ms) Securities and Exchange Commission of the Republic of Macedonia (ms) * Republik Mazedonien Republic of Macedonia Nationalbank der Republik Mazedonien National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia [17] [17] * Russland Russia Die Bundesanstalt fà ¼r Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht Markets Service The Federal Financial Markets Service (FFMS) (FFMS) * San Marino San Marino Central Bank of San Marino Central Bank of San Marino (BCSM) (BCSM) * Sà ¼dafrika South Africa National Credit Regulator National Credit Regulator * Spanien Spain Spanish Securities Market Commission (CNMV) Spanish Secu rities Market Commission (CNMV) * Schweden Sweden Financial Supervisory Authority Financial Supervisory Authority * Tà ¼rkei Turkey Capital Markets Board of Turkey (CMB) Capital Markets Board of Turkey (CMB) * Vereinigte Arabische Emirate United Arab Emirates (Dubai) (DFSA (Dubai) (DFSA Dubai Financial Services Authority) Dubai Financial Services Authority) * Großbritannien United Kingdom Financial Services Authority Financial Services Authority (FSA) (FSA) * Vereinigte Staaten United States United States Securities and Exchange Commission United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (SEC) * Vereinigte Staaten United States United States United States Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve System ( Fed) ( Fed) * Vereinigte Staaten United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (FDIC) * Vereinigte Staaten United States Amt des Comptroller of the Currency Office of the Comptroller o f the Currency (OCC) (OCC) * USA U.S. National Credit Union Administration National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) (NCUA) * Vereinigte Staaten United States Office of Thrift Supervision Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) (OTS) https://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Financial+regulation Principles of Financial Services Verordnung Principles of Financial Services Regulation Finanzordnung Versuch, sicherzustellen, dass die Finanzinstitute den spezifischen Anforderungen, Beschrà ¤nkungen halten und Richtlinien, die das Ziel der Integrità ¤t des Finanzsystems zu wahren, und die Gesetze erlassen werden kà ¶nnen, oder es gibt sie als freiwillige oder obligatorische Verhaltenskodex. Financial attempt to ensure that financial institutions with the specific requirements, restrictions and guidelines to keep that to preserve the integrity of the financial target, and the laws may be adopted, or exist as a voluntary or mandatory code of conduct. In erster Linie sollte die finanzielle Regelung versuchen, diese drei strategischen Grundsà ¤tzen folgen: First and foremost, the financial system should try to follow these three strategic principles: Fà ¶rderung einer effizienten, fairen und ordnungsgemà ¤ÃƒÅ¸en Mà ¤rkten. Promote an efficient, fair and orderly markets. Hilfe Retail-Kunden erhalten eine faire Behandlung. Help retail customers receive fair treatment. Erhà ¶hen Business-Funktionen und der Wirksamkeit der finanziellen Aufseher. Improve business capability and effectiveness of financial overseers. Ein finanzieller Aufseher oder Aufsichtsbehà ¶rde in der Regel reguliert die meisten Mà ¤rkte fà ¼r Finanzdienstleistungen, Bà ¶rsen und Unternehmen in ihrem Land, das Setzen von Standards, dass die Finanzinstitute erfà ¼llen mà ¼ssen. A financial overseer or supervisor normally regulates most financial services markets, exchanges and firms in their country, setting standards that financial institutions must meet. Dieses Gremium kann gegen Unternehmen, die diese Standards nicht erfà ¼llen. This body may impose on undertakings that do not meet these standards. Zum Beispiel, im Vereinigten Kà ¶nigreich hat sich die Financial Services Authority (FSA) das einzige Aufsichtsbehà ¶rde Financial Services seit 2001. For example, in the United Kingdom, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) is the only regulator Financial Services since 2001. Seine Befugnisse waren (und sind) nicht allumfassend, haben aber seit der Grà ¼ndung gewachsen. Its powers were (and are) all-encompassing, but have grown since its inception. Zum Beispiel wurde Hypotheken-Geschà ¤ft seit November 2004 geregelt, und die allgemeinen Versicherungs-Aktività ¤ten seit Januar 2005. For example, was regulated mortgage business since November 2004, and the general insurance activities since January 2005. Eine Regulierungsbehà ¶rde hat in der Regel weit reichende Befugnisse zu machen und Durchsetzung der Regeln und zur Durchfà ¼hrung von Untersuchungen, um die Grundsà ¤tze der Regulierung der Finanzdienstleistungen zu erreichen. A regulatory body has typically make far-reaching powers and to enforce the rules and to conduct investigations in order to achieve the principles of regulation of financial services. Der Regler wird versuchen, Bewertung und ÃÅ"berwachung der Risiken einer Tà ¤tigkeit oder eine feste und prà ¼fen, ob sie den mà ¶glichen Schaden in einem der folgenden Bereiche fà ¼hren zu: The controller will attempt to assess and monitor the risks of an activity or a firm and consider whether the potential harm they cause in the following areas: * Vertrauen in den Markt; Confidence in the market; * Sensibilisierung der Ãâ€"ffentlichkeit; Public awareness; * Verbraucher; Consumers; * Wirtschaftskriminalità ¤t. Economic crime. Der Regler ist mit der Aufrechterhaltung des Vertrauens in das Finanzsystem zu zahlen; die Aufrechterhaltung und Steigerung des Verstà ¤ndnisses der Ãâ€"ffentlichkeit fà ¼r das Finanzsystem, der Schutz der Verbraucher, die Verhinderung und / oder die Verringerung der Wirtschaftskriminalità ¤t und negiert die Art und Weise, in der ein Unternehmen finanziell fà ¼r kriminelle Aktività ¤ten genutzt werden kà ¶nnte. Ein Regler hat die Aufgabe, breit, und die Erreichung von hundert Prozent ÃÅ"bereinstimmung ist nahezu unmà ¶glich, so muss sie ihre Akti vità ¤ten zu priorisieren. The regulator is charged with the maintenance of confidence in the financial system, the maintenance and enhancement of public understanding of the financial system, consumer protection, prevention and / or reducing crime and the economy negates the way in which a companies could be financially exploited for criminal activities. A controller is responsible, broad, and the achievement of one hundred percent compliance is virtually impossible, it must be to prioritize their activities. Aufbauend auf den drei Prinzipien, eine finanzielle Regulierungsbehà ¶rde muss ihre oft begrenzten Ressourcen auf die effizienteste und wirtschaftlich zu nutzen. Based on the three principles, a financial regulator needs to their often limited resources in the most efficient and commercially exploited. Die Aufsichtsbehà ¶rde stellt in der Regel regelmà ¤ÃƒÅ¸ige Berichte à ¼ber die verschiedenen Aspekte des Finanzsystems eines Landes, diese kà ¶nnen in den Empfehlungen fà ƒ ¼r Verà ¤nderungen in der Rechts-und Verwaltungsvorschriften, wo Là ¼cken oder Mà ¤ngel hat sich gezeigt, existieren fà ¼hren. The supervisor is usually periodic reports on the various aspects of the financial system of a country, they can in the recommendations for changes in laws and regulations, where gaps or defects has been shown to cause exists. Haushaltsordnung innerhalb eines Landes ist natà ¼rlich kompliziert durch die ÃÅ"berlappung der internationalen Finanz-Gesetze und Mà ¤rkte. Financial Regulation within a country is of course complicated by the overlap of laws and international financial markets. Daher muss jedes Land Finanzaufsichtsbehà ¶rde Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Là ¤ndern suchen und erreichen gemeinsame Vereinbarung mit den internationalen Standards. Therefore, each country must seek financial regulator cooperation with other countries and reach common agreement with the international standards. Die Regulierungsbehà ¶rden mà ¼ssen all diese Ziele zu erreichen und gleichzeitig Aspekte eines gesunden Wettbewerbs, Minimierung der Kosten fà ¼r die Unternehmen der Einhaltung und der Tatsache, Wettbewerb und Innovation, Finanzdienstleistungen fà ¼r alle verbessern kà ¶nnen. The regulators must be able to achieve all these goals while improving aspects of healthy competition, minimizing the cost of corporate compliance and the fact that competition and innovation, financial services for all. Was sind die Leitungsgremien und die Behà ¶rden zur Kontrolle und Umsetzung dieser Vorschriften? What are the governing bodies and authorities to control and implement these rules? IWF und Weltbank IMF and World Bank Die Weltbank und der IWF sind zwei zwischenstaatlichen Sà ¤ulen der Struktur des Wirtschafts-und Finanzpolitik, um die Welt. The World Bank and the IMF are two intergovernmental pillars of the structure of economic and financial policy to the world. Ähnlichkeiten zwischen ihnen zu wenig tun, um die Verwirrung zu là ¶sen. Similarities between them do little to resolve the confusion. Oberflà ¤chlich der Bank und des IWF weisen viele gemeinsame Merkmale. On the surface of the Bank and the IMF have many common features. Beide sind in einer im Besitz Sinn und von den Regierungen der Mitgliedsstaaten gerichtet. Both are addressed in a sense, and owned by the governments of member states. The Peoples Republic of China, mit Abstand der bevà ¶lkerungsreichste Staat der Erde, ist ein Unternehmen, wie es die weltweit grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸te industrielle Macht (Vereinigte Staaten). In der Tat praktisch jedem Land der Erde ist ein Mitglied der beiden Institutionen. The Peoples Republic of China, b y far the most populous state on earth, is a company like it), the worlds largest industrial powers (the United States. In fact, virtually every country on earth is a member of both institutions. Beide Einrichtungen beschà ¤ftigen sich mit wirtschaftlichen Fragen und konzentrieren ihre Bemà ¼hungen auf die Ausweitung und Stà ¤rkung der Volkswirtschaften ihrer Mitgliedslà ¤nder. Both organizations are concerned with economic issues and concentrate their efforts on the expansion and strengthening of the economies of its member countries. Mitarbeiter sowohl der Bank und des IWF erscheinen oft auf internationalen Konferenzen. Employees of both the Bank and the IMF often appear at international conferences. Beide haben ihren Hauptsitz in Washington, DC Both have their headquarters in Washington, DC Trotz dieser und anderer Ähnlichkeiten bleiben jedoch der Bank und des IWF deutlich. Despite these and other similarities, however, remain the Bank and the IMF clearly. Der grundleg ende Unterschied ist: Die Bank ist in erster Linie eine Entwicklung, Einrichtung, des IWF ist eine gemeinsame Einrichtung, die ein geordnetes System der Zahlungen und Einnahmen zwischen den Nationen zu erhalten sucht. The fundamental difference is: The bank is primarily a development institution, the IMF is a cooperative institution, which seeks to obtain an orderly system of payments and receipts between nations. Purposes The World Bank has one central purpose: to promote economic and social progress in developing countries by helping to raise productivity so that their people may live a better and fuller life. The IMF has a different purpose. The IMF is convinced that a fundamental condition for international prosperity is an orderly monetary system that will encourage trade, create jobs, expand economic activity, and raise living standards throughout the world. By its constitution the IMF is required to oversee and maintain this system, no more and no less. Der Internationale Wà ¤hrungsfonds und die Weltbank auf einen Blick The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank at a glance Internationaler Wà ¤hrungsfonds International Monetary Fund * beaufsichtigt das internationale Wà ¤hrungssystem overseeing the international monetary system * fà ¶rdert den Austausch von Stabilità ¤t und geordneten Austausch zwischen ihren Mitgliedslà ¤ndern promotes exchange stability and order ly exchange between its member countries * unterstà ¼tzt alle Mitglieder sowohl Industrie-und Entwicklungslà ¤ndern -, die sich in vorà ¼bergehenden Zahlungsbilanz-Schwierigkeiten durch kurz-bis mittelfristige Kredite finden supports all members both industrial and developing countries which are found short in temporary balance of payments difficulties due to medium term loans * ergà ¤nzt die Wà ¤hrungsreserven der Mitglieder durch die Zuteilung von SZR (Sonderziehungsrechte); Zeitpunkt auf 21,4 Mrd. SZR wurde den Mitgliedslà ¤ndern im Verhà ¤ltnis zu ihren Quoten ausgestellt ) completed the currency reserves of the members through the allocation of SDRs (Special Drawing Rights, SDR 21.4 billion at the time was the member countries issued in proportion to their quotas * bezieht seine finanziellen Mittel hauptsà ¤chlich aus dem Kontingent der Zeichnung von ihren Mitgliedslà ¤ndern obtains its funds mainly from the quota subscriptions of its member countries * verfà ¼gt à ¼ber die tatsà ¤chlich gezahlten der Quoten jetzt insgesamt 145 Mrd. SZR (ungefà ¤hr $ 215 Milliarden) has fully paid the rates now total 145 billion SDRs (about $ 215 billion) * hat einen Stab von 2300 aus 182 Mitgliedslà ¤ndern erstellt has a staff of 2,300 drawn from 182 member countries World Bank World Bank * soll die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der à ¤rmeren Là ¤nder der Welt zu fà ¶rdern to promote the economic development of poorer countries in the world * hilft den Entwicklungslà ¤ndern durch langfristige Finanzierung von Projekten und Programmen assist developing countries through long-term financing of projects and programs * stellt fà ¼r die à ¤rmsten Entwicklungslà ¤nder, deren Pro-Kopf-BIP von weniger als $ 865 im Jahr besondere finanzielle Unterstà ¼tzung durch das International Development Association (IDA) provides for the poorest developing countries, whose per capita GDP of less than $ 865 in special financial assistance through the International Development Association (IDA) * ermutigt die privaten Unternehmen in Entwicklungslà ¤ndern durch sein Tochterunternehmen, die International Finance Corporation (IFC) encourages private enterprise in developing countries through its subsidiary, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) * akquiriert den grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸ten Teil ihrer finanziellen Mittel durch Anleihen auf den internationalen Rentenmà ¤rkten acquires most of its funds by borrowing on the international bond markets * ein genehmigtes Kapital von $ 184 Mrd., von denen Mitgliedern in rund 10 Prozent zahlen an authorized capital of $ 184 billion, of which members pay about 10 percent * hat einen Stab von 7000 von 180 Mitgliedslà ¤ndern erstellt has a staff of 7,000 drawn from 180 member countries https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/exrp/differ/differ.htm (1) What is financial crisis? The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a large part of their value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were related with banking crisis, and many recessions concur with these crisis. Other situations which are often called financial crises like stock market collapse and the detonating of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and supreme defaults. (2) Is Britain is truly bankrupt? Britain to recover from its present economic position it would have to return to the old formed custom of only spending and investing what the country has in savings. The United Kingdom has long suffered from the Capitalist sickness of greed and consumption and living beyond ones means. This is in rotate contributed to the non-natural economic boom and subsequent ruined we now find ourselves in. 1. Banking crises (Bank run) When a bank bears an adventitious rush of withdrawals by depositors that is called a bank run. Since banks lend out most of the cash which they receive in form of deposits from depositors is very difficult to pay to depositors on their suddenly demand. So it becomes a cause of bank in bankruptcy, causing many depositors to lose their savings unless they are covered by deposit insurance. A situation in which bank runs are widely distribution spread is called a systemic banking crisis or just a banking panic. A situation without widely distribution bank runs, but in which banks are unwilling to lend, because they upset that they have inadequate funds available, this is called a credit crunch. In this way, the banks become a reason of a financial crisis. 2. International financial crises When any countries that declare a fixed exchange rate due to this devalue its currency because of a speculative attack, so its called a currency crisis or balance of payments crisis. And sovereign default comes when a country fails to pay back its sovereign debt. While devaluation and default could both be not compulsory decisions of the government, they are often perceived to be the involuntary results of a change in investor mental feeling that leads to a sudden stop in capital inflows or a abruptly increase in capital flight. 3. Technological crises Technological crises are due to human application of science and technology. Technical accidents inevitably occur when the technology becomes more complex and coupled and something goes wrong in the system as a technical breakdown. Einige technologische Krisen auftreten, wenn menschliche Fehler Some technological crises occur when human error Ursachen Causes Luxation Human Pannen. Bei einem Unfall erstellt indikative Dislocation Human margins. Created in an accident indicative Umgebung Schaden, ist die Krise Environmental damage, the crisis Einstufung als Mega-Schà ¤den. Beispiele wie Software-Fehler, Arbeitsunfall, und Ãâ€"lverschmutzung. Classified as a mega-damage. Examples of such software errors, industrial accidents and oil spills. 4. Crises of organizational misdeeds Krisen Crises entstehen, wenn die Verwaltung untergebracht ist Maßnahmen, die sie kennt, wird die Beschà ¤digung oder der Beteiligten auf Gefahr fà ¼r arise when the administration is housed measures they know will damage or danger to the parties on Schà ¤den ohne angemessene Erwartung. Without reasonable expectation of harm. Lerbinger angegebenen drei verschiedenen Arten von Krisen der organisatorischen Fehlverhalten: Lerbinger given three different types of crises of organizational misconduct: Krisen-Management schief Werte, Crisis Management wrong values Krisen der Tà ¤uschung Crises of Deception Krisen-Management von Fehlverhalten. Crisis management of misconduct. 5. Crises of malevolence Any organization wishing evils to others always faces a crisis when opposes person or villain individuals use criminal means or other highest degree of tactics for the purpose of expressing enmity or anger toward, or searching gain from, a company, country, or economic system, maybe with the aim of unstable or demolishing it. There are some Sample of crises include product tampering, kidnapping, malicious rumors, terrorist act, and espionage. (3) What issues arise if a bank becomes insolvent? From start of the financial crisis: Many banks in the United Kingdom have been nationalized by the government because of solvency concerns. And there are many Measures have been taken by the Treasury and the Bank of England to encourage UK financial institutions at danger of insolvency. Actions have been taken by the Treasury to protect UK investors with deposits in UK branches of international insolvent banks. When bank becomes insolvent there are many issues are arrived, including the following: 1. Depositors Many insolvent banks cant return all deposits to depositors. But some banks are able to pay in insolvency. Deposits held with institutions authorized by the FSA are defending to a limited range by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. So when any bank is not able to return all deposits then financial services compensation scheme may compensate the depositors. 2. Borrowers The Financial Services Compensation Scheme have a rules that, if a depositors put money to a bank where he also has savings, the debts will be set-off in behind of the savings when calculating eligibility for compensation under the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. However, in January 2009, the Financial Services Compensation announced a consultation paper assertion changes to the Financial Services Compensation Scheme, including paying compensation to depositors. 3. Prime brokerage The prime brokerage was holding client assets. If administrations have been unable to return these client assets because of the administration process work. In this response the government approaches this and to make changes to market or regulatory practice. (4) What caused the financial crisis? The crisis began in summer 2007 and was initially described in the media as a credit crunch or credit crisis. Diese bezog sich auf die mangelnde Verfà ¼gbarkeit von Krediten in der industrialisierten Welt. This was related to the lack of availability of credit in the industrialized world. Am Anfang war der Mangel an Liquidità ¤t im Allgemeinen als das Hauptproblem betrachtet, sondern die Krise hat sich als langlebiger als veranschlagt. At the beginning of the lack of liquidity was generally regarded as the main problem, but the crisis is estimated to be as durable. Im September und Oktober 2008 eine Reihe von US-amerikanischen und europà ¤ischen Finanzinstitute zusammengebrochen, wà ¤hrend andere verstaatlicht wurden oder mit Unterstà ¼tzung der Regierung zusammen. Collapsed in September and October 2008, a number of U.S. and European financial institutions, while others have been nationalized or together with the support of the government. Andere Faktoren, die Finanzkrise zu umfassen:Other factors that comprise the financial crisis: * Ample liquidity and low interest rates. This lead to a explore for yield by investors in financial markets, which in turn group the development of complex financial instruments using influence to create higher returns for investors. * Decline of lending standards. The widespread securitization of loans under an originate to distribute model intended originating lenders did not have to keep lending standards high as they could transfer the risk of the primary contracts. In the United States sub prime sector, unstable lending practices were also possible because of a weak regulatory system and high demand from investors. * Remuneration. Bonus structures in financial institutions confident risk-taking; satisfying short-term gains even if these would be reduced or wiped out by losses in the longer term. * Undervaluation of risk. There was also a big cause of financial crisis is undervaluation of risk. The Compet ition of highly leveraged structured financial instruments leads to credit risk. So the price reflected competition for the assets rather than a genuine assessment of fundamental credit quality. Additionally, economic conditions were benign for an extended period which led to expectations that they would remain so. In these optimistic conditions highly leveraged instruments remained eye-catching. * Mark to market accounting. As financial institutions hurried to get better their capital position, they started to sell off assets. This forced selling caused asset prices to fall. Because of the mark to market(www.practicallaw.com/8-107-6820) accounting rules, financial institutions had to readjust asset values in their accounts to reflect the newest market prices, which more destabilized their capital situation. * Credit rating agencies. Many investors misunderstood the truth that ratings only measure credit quality and do not capture the risk of a decline in market value or liqui dity of an instrument. When the ratings agencies started downgrading instruments in the summer of 2007, many investors lost faith in ratings and stopped buying complex instruments altogether. * Fraud. Fraud was also a big reason in the collapse of some financial institutions, when companies have attracted depositors with deceiving claims about their investment systems. And many rogue traders have reason a big losses at financial institutions have been blame of acting fraudulently in order to hide their trades.  · Recessionary effects Some financial crises have some actions from outside of the financial sector, like the Wall Street crash of 1987, the financial crisis could have a recessionary effect on the rest of the economy, and there are some theories like as following These theoretical ideas include the 1. financial accelerator 2. flight to quality and 3. Flight to liquidity, 4. And the Kiyotaki-Moore model. 5. Some third generation models of currency crises. (5) What impact has the financial crisis had on credit markets? The financial crisis has resulted in: * Decreased liquidity in the interbank market. Financial institutions have been lending to one another far less in the interbank market than normal. This is because they have been concerned in relation to the creditworthiness of other institutions or have wanted to continue cash reserves for themselves. * Decreased wholesale funding to banks. The wholesale funding to banks decreased as investor-desire for commercial paper which are issued by banks fell and such investors moved their money to seeming safe havens, such as gold and independent debt. * Decreased lending and bond issuance. Many Financial institutions of United Kingdom have cash in the form of storage to meet their existing task and have generally been less willing to extend credit to businesses and individuals. In response, the UK government and the Bank of England(www.practicallaw.com/4-107-6469) have taken various measures to try to strengthen the credit markets. https://corporate.practicallaw.com/9-383-67 43#a510256 Financial Services Authority (FSA) The single regulator for the UK financial services industry. The FSA is an independent non-governmental body which has been given statutory powers by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000(www.practicallaw.com/A36104) (FSMA). The FSA is responsible for regulating the UK financial services sector and the promotion of the objectives set out in FSMA. That legislation requires the FSA to: maintain market confidence; promote public awareness; protect consumers; and reduce financial crime. Hilfestellung fà ¼r die Verbraucher durch die Rezession: Neuerstellung das Vertrauen der Verbraucher in der Finanzdienstleistungsbranche To assist consumers through the recession: Rebuilding the confidence of consumers in the financial services industry In den letzten zwei Jahren Financial Services Authority haben die schlimmsten Finanzkrise in mindestens 70 Jahren vor, und zwischen Mitte September und Mitte Oktober letzten Jahres haben wir angesichts einer katastrophalen Zusammenbruch des Vertrauens in die Banking-Systeme der Welt. In the past two years, the Financial Services Authority have the worst financial crisis in at least 70 years before, and between mid-September and mid October last year, we face a catastrophic collapse in confidence in the banking systems in the world. Und das hat zwangslà ¤ufig dazu gefà ¼hrt, dass ein Großteil der Arbeit der FSA Top-Management hat den Umgang mit den Herausforderungen, die die Krise produziert gewidmet waren. And that has inevitably meant that much of the work the FSAs top management has to deal with the challenges that were dedicated to producing the crisis. Es gibt zwei Schwerpunkte haben viel von unserem Leben dominiert. There are two priorities have dominated much of our lives. * Erstens, die Entwicklung und Umsetzung der Krise Maßnahmen, die wir im letzten Herbst wieder verstà ¤rkt und frà ¼her in diesem Jahr, um die Solidità ¤t des Finanzsystems zu gewà ¤hrleisten. Firstly, the development and impl ementation of emergency measures, which we again increased last fall and earlier this year to ensure the soundness of the financial system. Und die Antwort auf die individuellen Probleme, wie die islà ¤ndischen Banken, Bradford Bingley, Dunfermline Building Society , West Bromwich, und die allgemeine Programme der Rekapitalisierung zu garantieren, und Asset-Versicherung, die geschaffen wurden, um sicherzustellen, dass unsere grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸ten Banken Ton wurden. And the answer to the individual problems, such as guaranteed by the Icelandic banks, Bradford Bingley, Dunfermline Building Society, West Bromwich, and the general programs of the recapitalization and asset insurance, have been created to ensure that our largest banks sound were. * Und zweitens, Arbeit, in der FSA (UK) beteiligt sind, intensiv mit internationalen Kollegen, bessere Regelungen und aufsichtsrechtlichen Ansà ¤tze fà ¼r die zukà ¼nftige Gestaltung eine bessere Beaufsichtigung auf Kapital und Liquidità ¤t, bessere Rechnungslegung nach vorne widerspiegeln der Suche nach Risikovorsorge, Reformen, um die Wirksamkeit von Rating-Agenturen zu verbessern, und Gehaltsstrukturen. And secondly, work, are involved in the FSA (UK), extensively with international colleagues, improved regulations and regulatory approaches for the future design for better supervision on capital and liquidity, better accounting forward looking for loan losses, reflecting reforms in order to to improve the effectiveness of credit rating agencies, and salary structures. Und die Arbeit hat auch beteiligt zu durchdenken mit anderen das Verhà ¤ltnis zwischen der makroà ¶konomischen Politik und der finanziellen Stabilità ¤t, ob in der Zukunft FSA (UK) kann man besser auf Spotting entstehende Probleme, wie wie à ¼ber-raschen Ausweitung der Kreditvergabe und house price boomt, und Ergreifung von Maßnahmen gegen den Wind von mehr als mager die makroprudenziellen der Tagesordnung, wie er bekannt ist. And work has also participated with other think through the relationship between macroeconomic policy and financial stability, whether it may in the future, FSA (UK) are better at spotting emerging problems, such as booming as over-rapid credit growth and house price, and take measures against the wind of more than thin the macro-prudential agenda as he is known. Neben dieser Arbeit viele Menschen in der FSA mà ¼ssen weiter konzentriert werden, nicht so sehr auf die Solidità ¤t der Unternehmen, die aufsichtliche Nachhaltigkeit von Banken und Versicherungen, sondern darauf, wie Unternehmen zu behandeln Verbraucher, und ob sie liefern den Wert der Verbraucher-Leistungs-Verhà ¤ltnis. Unsere Arbeit hier wurde ging es sowohl um bestimmten aufkommenden Probleme und auf die gesamte Struktur der Mà ¤rkte. Alongside this work, many people in the FSA must continue to be focused, not so much on the soundness of the company, the supervisory sustainability of banks and insurance companies, but on how com panies treat consumers, and whether they deliver value to consumers for relationship. Our work here has focused both on specific emerging issues and to the entire structure of the markets. Also unsere Arbeit im Namen der Verbraucher kann als mit drei Ausrichtungen gesehen werden: So our work on behalf of consumers can be seen as three strands: * Wir schà ¼tzen die Verbraucher, indem sichergestellt wird, so gut mà ¶glich, dass das Finanzsystem aufsichtsrechtlich solide ist, und dass die Verbraucher kà ¶nnen ihre Banken und Versicherungen mit minimalem Risiko von Verlust Vertrauen. Und in der Tat in der Zukunft, ist eines der Ziele der Beaufsichtigung, wie die Minimierung der Risiko von Ansprà ¼chen auf den Steuerzahler. We protect consumers by ensuring as much as possible that the financial system is prudentially sound and that consumers are their banks and insurance companies with minimal risk of loss of confidence. And in fact in the future, is one of the objectives of su pervision how to minimize the risk of claims on the taxpayer. * Wir versuchen sicherzustellen, dass die Unternehmen ihre Geschà ¤ftsprozesse Verhalten fair, mit Blick auf geeignete Anreize so zu tun, geeignete Produkte zu verkaufen, mit klaren Informationen fà ¼r die Verbraucher. We try to ensure that the companies conduct their business fairly, with a view of appropriate incentives to do so, sell the appropriate products, with clear information for consumers. * Und natà ¼rlich das Thema dieses Seminars wollen wir gewà ¤hrleisten, dass so gut wie mà ¶glich die Verbraucher haben die Mà ¶glichkeit, vertrauensvoll mit Finanzdienstleistern zu befassen, um Produkte, die fà ¼r sie geeignet sind, zu kaufen, und um ihre Finanzen effizient zu verwalten. And of course, want the theme of this seminar, we guarantee that as much as possible consumers have the ability to deal confidently with financial service providers in order to buy products that are suitable for them, and to manage their finances. Aber selbst wenn die Rezession erweist sich etwas weniger streng als mà ¶glich erschien einige Monate zurà ¼ck, so ist klar, dass es immer noch große wirtschaftliche Not fà ¼hren wird fà ¼r viele Menschen: Die Arbeitslosigkeit ist immer ein Spà ¤tindikator und wird auch weiterhin fà ¼r eine lange Zeit nach unten im Anstieg wirtschaftliche Tà ¤tigkeit. But even if the recession proves to be somewhat less severe than seemed possible a few months back, it is clear that it will still have serious economic hardship for many people: unemployment is always a lagging indicator and will continue for a long time to bottom increase in economic activity. Die FSA hatte, dass 1,1 Millionen Haushalte werden in ein negatives Eigenkapital am Ende des Jahres 2009 geschà ¤tzt. The FSA had estimated that 1.1 million households in negative equity at the end of 2009. Viele Menschen werden schwere Probleme Service Hypothek oder persà ¶nliche unbesicherten Verbindlichk eiten Gesicht. Many people are serious problems service mortgage or unsecured personal debt face. Und viele andere fà ¼hlen sich unsicher und Unsicherheit hinsichtlich ihrer finanziellen Aussichten, auch wenn am Ende des Tages, sie zu verwalten, um Probleme zu vermeiden. And many others feel insecure and uncertain of their financial prospects, even if at the end of the day, they manage to avoid problems. Mit, dass die Unsicherheit konfrontiert, die Verbraucher mà ¼ssen in der Lage, ihre finanziellen Anbieter vertrauen, sie zu verkaufen gute Produkte und sie fair zu behandeln, und sie mà ¼ssen darauf vertrauen kà ¶nnen, dass sie die Fà ¤higkeit, sich um gute Produkte zu identifizieren und sich fà ¼r ihre Rechte haben. Die Problem ist, dass Unternehmen nicht voll vertrauenswà ¼rdig sind und manchmal nicht verdient voll vertrauen kann aber, dass auch Verbraucher fehlt, und wissen, dass sie nicht à ¼ber die finanziellen Mà ¶glichkeiten in die Lage versetzt fà ¼hlen. With that uncertainty faced, consumers must be able to trust their financial provider to sell them good products and treat them fairly, and they must be confident that the ability to identify good products and to have their rights. The problem is that companies are not fully trusted and sometimes can not trust fully deserved but that also lacks a consumer and know that they do not feel put on the financial possibilities in the situation. Die FSA finanzielle Leistungsfà ¤higkeit Programm zur Vorbereitung einer Vision der besser informierte, aufgeklà ¤rte und als selbstbewusste Verbraucher, die in der Lage sind, mehr Verantwortung fà ¼r ihre finanziellen Angelegenheiten zu à ¼bernehmen und eine aktivere Rolle auf dem Markt fà ¼r llion Menschen à ¼ber unsere Websites, Publikationen sollen und Schulungen und à ¼ber Mittelsmà ¤nner. The FSA financial standing program to prepare a vision of better informed, educated and confident consumers who are able to take more responsibility for their financial affairs and a more active role in the market for llion people via our websites, and publications should training and through intermediaries. Die FSA Antwort: Schutz der Verbraucher The FSA response: protection of consumers Aber es ist wichtig, dass die Informationen, Bildung, Beratung und Fà ¤higkeiten bewusst werden nicht von selbst eine Stà ¤rkung der Verbraucher. But it is important that the information, education, counseling and skills are not aware of itself empower consumers. Was erwartet der Verbraucher vom Finanzsystem: What do consumers expect from the financial system: * Die Verbraucher mà ¼ssen darauf vertrauen kà ¶nnen, dass die Unternehmen ihre Interessen zu schà ¼tzen. Consumers must be able to trust that companies protect their interests. * Sie mà ¼ssen sicher sein, den Regler sorgt dafà ¼r, dass passiert. You must be sure the regulator will ensure that happens. * Und sie mà ¼ssen darauf vertrauen kà ¶nnen, dass es Schutzvorkehrungen getroffen Dinge wie ein faires und transparentes Verfahren Beschwerden und eine Ausgleichsregelung wenn etwas schief geht. And they must have confidence that protective measures taken things like a fair and transparent complaints procedures and compensation scheme if something goes wrong. Deshalb ist in den letzten 12 Monaten FSA (UK) verfà ¼gt à ¼ber: Therefore, in the last 12 months, FSA (UK) has: * bewegte sich schnell auf Entschà ¤digung Grenzen fà ¼r die Einleger zu erhà ¶hen, drastisch zu erhà ¶hen finanzielle Sicherheit fà ¼r die Verbraucher; moved quickly to raise the compensation limits for depositors to dramatically increase financial security for consumers; * getroffen raschem Handeln, um sicherzustellen, dass Unternehmen nicht fà ¼r missbrà ¤uchliche Klauseln in tracker Hypotheken, die es erlaubt hà ¤tte sie nicht auf der Basis zu Zinssenkungen à ¼bergeben; taken swift action to ensure that companies are not for abusive clauses in tracker mortgage, which would have allowed it does not pass on base rate cuts; * zog entscheidend, um sicherzustellen, dass die Verbraucher aus unabhà ¤ngige Beratung zu suchen, dass sie das beste Produkt fà ¼r sie erhalten, nicht nur die, die der Berater gibt die beste Provision; moved decisively to ensure that consumers seek out independent advice that they receive the best product for them, not just those who are the c onsultants, the best commission; * Vorbereitung begonnen Zwangsmaßnahmen gegen Unternehmen vor kurzem untersucht im Hinblick auf ihre Hypothek Zahlungsrà ¼ckstà ¤nde Praktiken; Preparation commenced enforcement actions against companies recently investigated in terms of their mortgage arrears practices; * vorangetriebenen Reformen, die Restschuldversicherung (PPI)-Markt, zum Beispiel auf einmaligen Prà ¤mie PPI; driven reforms, the payment protection insurance (PPI) market, for example on single premium PPI; * deutliche Signale fà ¼r hypothekarisch Restschuldversicherung (MPPI) Anbieter, die einseitig eine Erhà ¶hung des Preises der Deckung oder die Verringerung des Schutzniveaus auf langjà ¤hrige MPPI Vertrà ¤ge wurden, und clear signals for mortgage payment protection insurance (MPPI) providers that have been unilaterally increasing the price of coverage, or reducing the level of protection on many years of MPPI contracts, and Hochgefahren unsere Mà ¶glichkeite n fà ¼r die Durchsetzung und Aktività ¤t Verbot und Geldbußen von Unternehmen in Rekordzahlen fà ¼r unsere Abschreckung sicherzustellen, glaubwà ¼rdig zu bleiben. Ensure ramped our enforcement capability and activity a ban and fines of companies in record numbers for our deterrent remains credible. Unsere Geldbußen bis 514% in diesem Jahr auf 27,4 Mio EUR und die FSA (UK) wurde kà ¼rzlich angekà ¼ndigten Maßnahmen, die doppelt oder sogar dreimal so Geldbußen fà ¼r bestimmte Straftaten Our fines up 514% this year to 27.4 million euros and the FSA (UK) has recently announced measures that will double or triple fines for certain offenses https://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/Library/Communication/Speeches/2009/0715_at.shtml